이 글에서는 인공지능으로 생성하는 수채화에 키워드가 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위하여, 4가지의 기본 수채화를 생성하고, 각각의 키워드를 추가하는 효과를 알아봅니다.
또한 AI 모델간의 차이를 확인하기 위하여, ChatGPT에서 사용할 수 있는 GPT-4o 이미지 모델, 구글에서 개발한 Image FX 및 HiDream-l1 - Dev (일부), ReCraft(일부) 및 Flux.1 dev를 사용하여 이미지를 생성합니다.
아래는 기본으로 사용하는 프롬프트입니다.
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| A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | A watercolor painting of a lilac | A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy |
수채화의 역사
수채화는 논쟁할 것도 없이 석기 시대의 동굴 암벽화와 같이 가장 오래된 형태의 회화이지만, 18세기 영국에서야 대중적으로 확산되기 시작했습니다.
수채 물감이 접근성이 뛰어나고 휴대하기도 간편하여, 지도 제작자나 여행 작가, 과학 삽화등 다양한 분야에서 활용되었으며, 오늘날에도 여전히 인기를 누리고 있습니다.
키워드: 18th Century
18세기란 키워드를 넣으면 누런 종이 느낌이 나는 걸 기대할텐데 이런 느낌은 GPT-4o에서만 나타나네요. 소년 초상화에서 18세기 특유의 의상이 그려지는 건 예상한 범위내입니다. 그런데... HiDream-li-Dev와 Flux.1 Dev가 수채화 느낌이 덜하다는 것입니다.
| GPT-4o | Image FX | HiDream-li-Dev | Flux.1 Dev |
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| An 18th Century watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | An 18th Century watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | An 18th Century watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | An 18th Century watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill |
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| An 18th Century watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | An 18th Century watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | An 18th Century watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | An 18th Century watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature |
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| An 18th Century watercolor painting of a lilac | An 18th Century watercolor painting of a lilac | An 18th Century watercolor painting of a lilac | An 18th Century watercolor painting of a lilac |
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| An 18th Century watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | An 18th Century watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | An 18th Century watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | An 18th Century watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy |
키워드: England
영국 키워드를 넣었을 때, 그다지 달라지는 부분은 보이지 않는 것 같습니다. 영국 성의 특징중 하나가 사각형 ferret이라고 하는데, 그게 나타났다는 기분은 별로 들지 않고요. 그리고 이때부터... GPT-4o의 캔버스가 오래된 노랑색 질감이 나타나는데, 여기서부터 캔버스를 바꾸라고 지시해서 바꿨어야 했는데... 하는 아쉬움이 듭니다.
| GPT-4o | Image FX | HiDream-li-Dev | Flux.1 Dev |
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| An English watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | An English watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | An English watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | An English watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill |
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| An English watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | An English watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | An English watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | An English watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature |
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| An English watercolor painting of a lilac | An English watercolor painting of a lilac | An English watercolor painting of a lilac | An English watercolor painting of a lilac |
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| An English watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | An English watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | An English watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | An English watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy |
키워드 : Old watercolor Map
old watercolor map이라는 키워드를 추가하면 재미있고 다양한 반응이 나타납니다. 대부분은 지도를 배경으로 해당 주제가 표시되는 형태로 나타납니다. 그런데 HiDream-li-Dev와 Flux의 경우에는 거의 반응이 없다시피 하네요. 다만, 전체적으로 낡은 종이라는 느낌으로 바탕색이 노란색이 많이 추가된 것을 볼 수 있습니다.
| GPT-4o | Image FX | HiDream-li-Dev | Flux.1 Dev |
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| An old watercolor map with a watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | An old watercolor map with a watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | An old watercolor map with a watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | An old watercolor map with a watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill |
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| An old watercolor map with a watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | An old watercolor map with a watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | An old watercolor map with a watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | An old watercolor map with a watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature |
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| An old watercolor map with a watercolor painting of a lilac | An old watercolor map with a watercolor painting of a lilac | An old watercolor map with a watercolor painting of a lilac | An old watercolor map with a watercolor painting of a lilac |
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| An old watercolor map with a watercolor portrait of a happy teanage boy | An old watercolor map with a watercolor portrait of a happy teanage boy | An old watercolor map with a watercolor portrait of a happy teanage boy | An old watercolor map with a watercolor portrait of a happy teanage boy |
키워드: Ancient Japanese
이 키워드를 넣으면 동양화 분위기와 일본 분위기가 확실하게 추가됩니다. 일본 스타일의 성, 한자 등이 자주 등장하며, 인물도 동양인으로 변하여 표현됩니다. 하지만 일부 그림의 경우 어중간한 느낌이 드네요.
| GPT-4o | Image FX | HiDream-li-Dev | Flux.1 Dev |
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| An ancient Japanese watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | An ancient Japanese watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | An ancient Japanese watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | An ancient Japanese watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill |
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| An ancient Japanese watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | An ancient Japanese watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | An ancient Japanese watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | An ancient Japanese watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature |
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| An ancient Japanese watercolor painting of a lilac | An ancient Japanese watercolor painting of a lilac | An ancient Japanese watercolor painting of a lilac | An ancient Japanese watercolor painting of a lilac |
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| An ancient Japanese watercolor portrait of a happy teanage boy | An ancient Japanese watercolor portrait of a happy teanage boy | An ancient Japanese watercolor portrait of a happy teanage boy | An ancient Japanese watercolor portrait of a happy teanage boy |
수채화의 핵심 요소
수채와는 물을 혼합하여 종이에 투명한 색의 층을 만들 수 있는 물감으로 생성하는 예술을 말합니다.
이렇게 물에 녹는 염료는 확산(diffuse)또는 구름과 비슷한 효과를 만들어낼 수 있습니다.
키워드: Transparency
Transparency 키워드를 사용하면 전반적으로 이미지가 밝아집니다. 또한 확산되고 구름과 같은 터치가 추가되는 경향이 있습니다.
| GPT-4o | Image FX | HiDream-li-Dev | Flux.1 Dev |
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| A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, with transparency | A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, with transparency | A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, with transparency | A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, with transparency |
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| A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, with transparency | A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, with transparency | A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, with transparency | A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, with transparency |
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| A watercolor painting of a lilac with transparency | A watercolor painting of a lilac with transparency | A watercolor painting of a lilac with transparency | A watercolor painting of a lilac with transparency |
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| A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy, with transparency | A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy, with transparency | A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy, with transparency | A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy, with transparency |
키워드: Diffused
Diffused를 사용하면 그림의 경계가 살짝 흐릿해지고 색이 섞이며 그래디언트 효과가 나타납니다. 그런데 GPT-4o의 반응과 Image FX의 반응은 완전히 다른 느낌이네요.
| GPT-4o | Image FX | HiDream-li-Dev | Flux.1 Dev |
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| A diffused watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | A diffused watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | A diffused watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | A diffused watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill |
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| A diffused watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | A diffused watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | A diffused watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | A diffused watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature |
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| A diffused watercolor painting of a lilac | A diffused watercolor painting of a lilac | A diffused watercolor painting of a lilac | A diffused watercolor painting of a lilac |
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| A diffused watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | A diffused watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | A diffused watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | A diffused watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy |
키워드: Cloud-like
이 키워드를 사용했을 때 두드러지는 점은 구름 형상이 많이 나타난다는 것입니다. 실제 구름을 원한 건 아니고 그런 분위기만 원했는데도 말이죠. 그런데 GPT-4o 의 경우엔 안개가 낀 듯 흐릿하게 생성되는 효과가 나타나는데, 이는 별로인듯 싶어요.
| GPT-4o | Image FX | HiDream-li-Dev | Flux.1 Dev |
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| A cloud-like watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | A cloud-like watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | A cloud-like watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | A cloud-like watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill |
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| A cloud-like watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | A cloud-like watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | A cloud-like watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | A cloud-like watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature |
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| A cloud-like watercolor painting of a lilac | A cloud-like watercolor painting of a lilac | A cloud-like watercolor painting of a lilac | A cloud-like watercolor painting of a lilac |
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| A cloud-like watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | A cloud-like watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | A cloud-like watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | A cloud-like watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy |
A cloud-like watercolor painting of a lilac 키워드: Tideline
Tideline이란 수채화 염료가 어떤 영역에 뭉치는 바람에 경계가 진해지는 것을 말합니다. 그런데 아래에서 ImageFX와 HiDream-li-Dev의 경웨는 tideline을 인식하지 못하고, tide(파도)로만 인식을 하는 것 같네요.
참고로, 여기부터는 HiDream-li 대신 Recraft를 사용하여 생성하였습니다.
| GPT-4o | Image FX | ReCraft | Flux.1 Dev |
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| A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, with tidelines | A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, with tidelines | A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, with tidelines | A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, with tidelines |
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| A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, with tidelines | A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, with tidelines | A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, with tidelines | A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, with tidelines |
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| A watercolor painting of a lilac, with tidelines | A watercolor painting of a lilac, with tidelines | A watercolor painting of a lilac, with tidelines | A watercolor painting of a lilac, with tidelines |
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| A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy , with tidelines | A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy , with tidelines | A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy , with tidelines | A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy , with tidelines |
수채화 기법
다른 모든 그림 스타일과 마찬가지로, 수채화 물감을 처리해서 그림의 모양을 바꾸는 여러가지 기법이 존재합니다. 붓에 묻히는 물감의 양, 붓의 종류, 캔버스에 미리 물을 적시는 방법, 색을 겹치는 방법등이 모두 스타일에 영향을 미칩니다.
여기에서는 수채화에서 가장 인기 있는 몇가지 기법을 알아봅니다.
키워드: Broken Wash
Broken wash란 건식 브러시 기법으로, 브러시 스트로크가 들쭉날쭉 나타나게 됩니다. 즉, 안료가 붓질 바깥까지 번지는 습식 브러시에 비해 번지지 않고 칠한 부분만 남게 되는 방식으로서, 건식 브러시를 사용하면 모양이 명확해져서 일반적으로 더 사실적인 이미지를 얻을 수 있습니다.
| GPT-4o | Image FX | Recraft | Flux.1 Dev |
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| A broken wash watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | A broken wash watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | A broken wash watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | A broken wash watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill |
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| A broken wash watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | A broken wash watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | A broken wash watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | A broken wash watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature |
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| A broken wash watercolor painting of a lilac | A broken wash watercolor painting of a lilac | A broken wash watercolor painting of a lilac | A broken wash watercolor painting of a lilac |
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| A broken wash watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | A broken wash watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | A broken wash watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | A broken wash watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy |
키워드: Wet Brush
wet-into-wet (습식 브러시) 기법은 물에 적신 캔버스에 물을 많이 섞은 물감으로 칠하는 기법을 말합니다. 이 기법은 물감을 퍼뜨려 반투명한 물감층을 만들어서, 흰색 종이를 통해 색이 돋보이게 하는데 도움이 됩니다.
| GPT-4o | Image FX | Recraft | Flux.1 Dev |
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| A wet brush watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | A wet brush watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | A wet brush watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | A wet brush watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill |
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| A wet brush watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | A wet brush watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | A wet brush watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | A wet brush watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature |
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| A wet brush watercolor painting of a lilac | A wet brush watercolor painting of a lilac | A wet brush watercolor painting of a lilac | A wet brush watercolor painting of a lilac |
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| A wet brush watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | A wet brush watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | A wet brush watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | A wet brush watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy |
키워드: Blotting
Blotting이란 이미 칠해진 색을 닦아내는 기법을 말합니다. 넓은 면은 화장지나 스펀지, 좁은 면은 면봉이나 마른 붓을 이용해 남아 있는 물감을 없애는 방법으로, 원래는 수정하는 방법이지만, 경계를 날카롭게하거나 은은한 하이라이트를 만들 때도 효과적으로 사용할 수 있습니다.
| GPT-4o | Image FX | Recraft | Flux.1 Dev |
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| A blotting watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | A blotting watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | A blotting watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | A blotting watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill |
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| A wet brush watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | A wet brush watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | A wet brush watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | A wet brush watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature |
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| A blotting watercolor painting of a lilac | A blotting watercolor painting of a lilac | A blotting watercolor painting of a lilac | A blotting watercolor painting of a lilac |
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| A blotting watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | A blotting watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | A blotting watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | A blotting watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy |
키워드: Gouache
Gouache는 불투명한 수채화를 그리는 프랑스의 인기있는 수채화 물감입니다. 구아슈 물감은 물로 혼합하기는 하지만, 마르면 투명하지 않고 무광택에 가까운 마무리가 됩니다.
이런 느낌은 GPT-4o가 제일 잘 생성하네요. Image FX 도 좀 따라가는 듯 싶고요.
| GPT-4o | Image FX | Recraft | Flux.1 Dev |
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| A gouache watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | A gouache watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | A gouache watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill | A gouache watercolor painting of a small castle on a hil |
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| A wet brush watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | A wet brush watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | A wet brush watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature | A wet brush watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature |
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| A gouache watercolor painting of a lilac | A gouache watercolor painting of a lilac | A gouache watercolor painting of a lilac | A gouache watercolor painting of a lilac |
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| A gouache watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | A gouache watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | A gouache watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy | A gouache watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy |
수채화 색상
키워드: Luminosity(#f9820a rgb(249, 130, 10))
| GPT-4o | Image FX | Recraft | Flux.1 Dev |
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| A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, Luminosity | A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, Luminosity | A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, Luminosity | A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, Luminosity |
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| A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, Luminosity | A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, Luminosity | A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, Luminosity | A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, Luminosity |
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| A watercolor painting of a lilac, Luminosity | A watercolor painting of a lilac, Luminosity | A watercolor painting of a lilac, Luminosity | A watercolor painting of a lilac, Luminosity |
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| A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy, Luminosity | A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy, Luminosity | A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy, Luminosity | A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy, Luminosity |
키워드: Jewled (#7D2C71 rgb(125, 44, 113))
| GPT-4o | Image FX | Recraft | Flux.1 Dev |
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| A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, jewled colors | A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, jewled colors | A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, jewled colors | A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, jewled colors |
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| A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, jewled colors | A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, jewled colors | A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, jewled colors | A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, jewled colors |
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| A watercolor painting of a lilac, jewled colors | A watercolor painting of a lilac, jewled colors | A watercolor painting of a lilac, jewled colors | A watercolor painting of a lilac, jewled colors |
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| A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy, jewled colors | A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy, jewled colors | A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy, jewled colors | A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy, jewled colors |
키워드: Luminous Pastel Palette(#D0ACE1 rgb(208, 172, 225))
| GPT-4o | Image FX | Recraft | Flux.1 Dev |
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| A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, a luminous pastel palette | A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, a luminous pastel palette | A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, a luminous pastel palette | A watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, a luminous pastel palette |
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| A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, a luminous pastel palette | A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, a luminous pastel palette | A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, a luminous pastel palette | A watercolor painting of a cute fox in nature, a luminous pastel palette |
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| A watercolor painting of a lilac, a luminous pastel palette | A watercolor painting of a lilac, a luminous pastel palette | A watercolor painting of a lilac, a luminous pastel palette | A watercolor painting of a lilac, a luminous pastel palette |
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| A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy, a luminous pastel palette | A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy, a luminous pastel palette | A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy, a luminous pastel palette | A watercolor portrait of a happy teenage boy, a luminous pastel palette |
총평
이 글에서는 수채화 이미지에 대한 여러가지를 알아봤습니다.
가장먼저 지적할 것은 Flux.1 dev의 경우엔 수채화라기 보다는 3D 렌더링에 가까운 결과를 보여줘서 아주 실망스러웠다는 것이고, HiDream-l1 도 생각보다 수채화를 잘 생성해주지 못했다는 점이 아쉬웠습니다.
GTP-4o의 경우엔 다른 모델과는 달리 대부분 바탕색이 누런빛을 띄는데, 제가 처음에 설정 바꾸지 않고 진행했던 탓으로 보입니다.
여러가지 키워드 중에는 England, Ancient Japanese, Web Brush, Gouache 와 색상이 영향이 있는 것 같고, 특히 수채화의 요소인 Transparent, Diffused 등은 원래 수채화의 요소인지라 뚜렷하게 구분되지 않는 듯 싶네요. Cloud-like 및 Tidelines 키워드에서는 생뚱맞게도 구름과 파도가 등장하는 경우가 많았습니다.
그래서 마지막으로 Ancient Japanese, Wet Brush, Luminous Pastel Palette 등 세가지 키워드를 추가해서 생성해 보았습니다. 모두 색감도 그렇고, 풍경도 그렇고 잘 나오네요. 다만 GPT-4o는 너무 색이 과하게 들어가서 불만입니다.ㅠㅠ
프롬프트: A ancient Japanese wet brush watercolor painting of a small castle on a hill, a luminous pastel palette
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| GPT-4o | Image FX |
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| ReCraft | Flux.1 dev |
이상입니다.
이 글은 torybarber.com의 글을 참고하여 작성한 글입니다.